\nName and surname of the dog's owner:<\/strong> Bo\u017cena Borkowska (wife) 31 years old
\nOther family members:<\/strong> Adam Borkowski (husband) 33 years old, Maciej Borkowski (son) 2 years old
\nDog\/female dog:<\/strong> female dog
\nName:<\/strong> Wasp
\nRace: <\/strong>Terrier type
\nAge of castration\/sterilization:<\/strong> 3 years
\nAge:<\/strong> 5 years<\/p>\n
Problematic behavior: Dog bit owner's son (incident repeated 2 times)<\/strong> Wasp is a female dog adopted from a shelter. The owners did not know her origin, and the shelter from which they adopted her did not receive such information. The female was adopted from a shelter at the age of approx. 18 weeks. The owners stated that from the beginning her behavior indicated that she had been beaten. She had difficulty getting used to the new Master, she hid from him, she often cowered in fear when he raised his hand, shouted, or quote: "he tried to discipline". However, according to the owners, she got used to him and quote: "she felt respect for him". The methods of disciplining the owners used were spanking with a newspaper (as they heard, when a dog is scolded with a newspaper, the dog does not see the direct connection of the punishment with the owner, only the object with which the punishment is carried out - in this case the newspaper).<\/p>\n In the past - when Osa was adopted, the owners worked outside the home for an average of 8-9 hours a day, then the bitch stayed at home alone. However, before and after leaving for work, Osa went for a walk, each one lasting an hour. The dog was then thrown a ball and toys, which she eagerly fetched. Weekends and all days off were quite active. These were trips to the mountains, to the lakes, to the tents. Then, unless they were traveling abroad, they took Osa with them.<\/p>\n Wasp has never been to training. The discipline methods used by the owners were as discussed above - spanking with the use of a newspaper, however, after presenting the problematic behavior (biting the child, Wasp was spanked with the bare hand). Approx. 10 months before the main problem appeared, there was a change in the life of the owners, a child was born. During her pregnancy, Ms. Bo\u017cena was on sickness benefit. At that time, she devoted more time to the dog, because she knew that after the birth of the child, she would have much less time, so she wanted to "reward" her. When her son was born, Osa spent less and less time with the owners. Two hour walks turned into so-called "quick pee" walks, which usually did not last longer than 10-15 minutes. In most cases, attempts to interest the dog in a child ended with the dog being moved away to the blanket. The owner admitted that since the birth of her son Osa, she spent quite a lot of time on the blanket (especially in the presence of the Lord who did not tolerate attempts to sniff the child, but when her husband was not at home, Osa could afford more).<\/p>\n About 10 months after Maciek's birth, the first incident took place, when the son crawled on the Wasp's blanket, which in turn bit him (apparently without warning). The owners scolded the dog (corporal punishment). A few months after the first, another incident occurred. Matt was bitten on the Wasp's blanket. Wasp was rebuked again. The owners decided that they could not risk their own child's life and decided to seek help from a dog psychologist, giving the dog one last chance.<\/p>\n Apart from these two incidents on the blanket, the owners stated that Osa loves Maciek and they often play together. In addition, the son often went for a blanket to Wasp before and between these two incidents. These wanderings never ended with a child biting. Relations with other dogs are fine, Wasp is very happy for any contacts with dogs, she is very friendly towards them. Observations during the visit:<\/strong> I asked the parents to prevent the boy from having contact with the dog. The owner sent the dog for a blanket. As I tried to walk from the room to the bathroom, ignoring the dog, the Wasp visibly froze and then showed its teeth. For safety reasons, I withdrew and asked to muzzle the dog, even though the owners informed me that Wasp wouldn't do anything to me as long as I didn't step on her blanket. When I tried to approach the blanket, Wasp repeated the entire sequence - she froze, showed her teeth and growled.<\/p>\n During the visit, I noticed a disagreement between the owners as to how to treat the dog. The owner is a bit more "relaxed" when it comes to the dog's contact with the child or the issue of the dog staying in other rooms except for the hall, the owner, on the other hand, prefers the dog to stay on his blanket and clearly irritated when he leaves him without permission. Goal stated by the owners: No more child biting incidents as a primary goal. Calm Wasp's fears of the storm. In each case, it is the daily mood of the dog that requires attention above all, emotions can be worked on only when we stabilize the mood of the OSA at least at a level that allows communication with it.<\/p>\n The level of mood is subject to the process of homeostatic regulation. The emotional brain tries to maintain the so-called state of contentment, seeking to compensate for any deviation from the "normal" level. As I noticed, Osa takes care of her body quite intensively - especially when she is on a blanket. This may be a reaction of the dog under stress or inability to perform behaviors that maintain normal emotional well-being. In the event of the impossibility of implementing these species-specific behaviors, mood-sustaining behaviors could develop. Restoring emotional well-being by allowing the dog to engage in other self-rewarding behaviors makes the dog better prepared to deal with unpleasant emotions. The owners, since the birth of the child, do not pay the dog due attention, walks and social contacts have been limited, and because her essential, emotional needs have ceased to be met, her behavior serves to balance the emotional state.<\/p>\n It is extremely important to formulate an opinion about what the animal experiences during problematic behavior - whether it is afraid, experiencing frustration, anger, is sad, or maybe joyfully excited. The wasp learned that biting a child causes the owners to immediately take it from the blanket, and therefore they move away from the danger of the dog. So in emotional terms, Wasp's fear turns into a feeling of relief as the distance between her and her baby increases. When Wasp sees the boy, her first reaction is concern. When the boy approaches the blanket and stretches his hands towards the head, the Wasp feels fear (starts snapping his teeth and growling), when the baby does not read her signals, the Wasp bites and the fear is replaced by a feeling of relief when the owners take the baby from the blanket. It doesn't matter that the punishment comes shortly after, because it is done too late for the Wasp to associate it with her behavior. First, the owners take the baby out of the blanket, check if everything is okay. Kara appears a few minutes later. Many animal behavior problems stem from the inability to display strong, innate behavioral patterns. These animals choose other, inappropriate behaviors instead. These, in turn, become addictive, dopamine-driven, pleasure-seeking behaviors. Social contacts - the bitch is usually expelled from the room where the child is, because the owner does not want the dog to have contact with the child. The owner, mainly in the absence of her husband, allows the dog and the child to play together. The wasp is not often stroked and cuddled because, according to the owner, it smells bad. Osa is a very sociable dog, in the past she spent a lot of time with her family, accompanying them on all kinds of trips. When I entered the house, the dog greeted me with a wagging tail. However, he was chased out of the room pretty quickly. The dog's social needs are met at a very low level. Food - Although the Wasp gets to eat once a day, it is quite a large amount of food at a time. It will be much better to divide the same portion into 3-4 small meals, thus minimizing blood sugar fluctuations. \u201cA model of aggression has been developed, which includes an attempt to organize the stimuli that cause it. It can be applied to a large number of cases in which biting occurs as a result of multiple stimuli. This is the so-called threshold model. Every dog will bite when it reaches a certain threshold beyond which its tolerance ends.<\/p>\n The collected information and the description of the incident in which the attack took place clearly showed that the situation was influenced by a number of factors that exceeded the tolerance threshold of Osa. Wasp, like any dog, is able to tolerate a certain amount of discomfort or tension, however, exceeding this threshold results in a bite. Over hundreds of years of evolution, dogs have developed a whole set of threat signals that they present when threatened in order to distance the source of the threat. They are: growling, showing teeth and snapping teeth in the air, shown sequentially. Only if these signals do not work, or the situation seems so threatening to the dog that it does not have time to show them, it resorts to attacking and biting. The individual factors that make up the situation add up, causing the highest threshold - the attack - to be exceeded. I suggested to the owners to change the feeding frequency to 3-4 times a day to reduce blood sugar fluctuations. Low blood sugar can also indicate the cause of aggressive behavior where no other cause has been identified. Lowered sugar levels may also partly explain some animals' transition from deep sleep to an aggressive state when the brain has too little energy to make rational decisions. Owners also cannot restrict the dog's access to water. First, during a storm, you need to provide your dog with a safe haven. In practice, this means leaving the rooms open to the bathroom, room. The dog will choose the place where he will wait out the storm. Wasp chose a dark bathroom.<\/p>\n In addition, I also suggested to the owners a visit to a veterinarian who, during turbulent periods, could possibly introduce pharmacological therapy. In a situation of fear of a thunderstorm, it may be necessary to improve the dog's mood, because the attitude to fear stimuli can permanently reduce emotional well-being. A drug that improves mood, supports learning and memory is clomipramine, which blocks the reuptake of serotonin, thus causing the mood to rise. At a time when a storm is approaching, diazepam is also effective, which is designed to soothe the experience of fear and block the memory of unpleasant events. Because diazepam is cleared quickly from the body, it does not adversely affect the behavior modification program implemented in the course of therapy. Some sources say that the administration of melatonin is effective, as this hormone can make the dog more relaxed and less concerned with what is happening around. However, the use of any pharmacological agents should be agreed and used strictly in consultation with the veterinarian. That's why I referred the owners to a veterinary consultation. I had a short conversation with clients about dog-child interaction, in particular about the right approach and controlled play of the dog with the child. You cannot allow a situation when a child violates the dog's space. Safety issues are very important here - not only for the child, but also for visiting guests. I presented the Wasp reaction thresholds to the owners, because I thought it was important for the owners to be aware of what stimuli can contribute to the occurrence of aggressive reactions. I taught my parents to notice the calming signals the Wasp sends and when it sends them.<\/p>\n I divided the proposed therapy program into several stages, so as not to introduce too many things at the same time, motivating the owners more often with quick and frequent successes achieved at each stage of the program. A time scale has been created for each stage. All exercises were practiced practically - learning simple commands was the most motivating for the owners, as they were impressed by Wasp's rapid progress.<\/p>\n In the therapeutic plan, I first proposed:<\/strong> From the very beginning, Wasp needs to learn that being around a child is about good things that happen to her, not bad things. Until now, a child was equal to chasing a dog on a blanket. In the "understanding" of a dog, when a child appears, something pleasant ends (for example, the possibility of being in a room with the owners). From now on, Wasp was to be fed in the presence of the child so that she finally felt relaxed with him. In this case, the idea is to create a positive association - a child = good things. Matt, assisted by his parents, was also supposed to throw treats to the dog.<\/p>\n b) Touch behind the ear<\/p>\n We will proceed similarly in desensitizing the dog to touch behind the ear. In this situation, however, we had to wait for the doctor's diagnosis regarding the exclusion of ear disease - we do not want to discourage the dog from touching it even more (if, for example, such a touch caused him pain). In this case, we will also use treats given for each hand approaching the head and, as a result, for stroking behind the ear, but remember that in case of any discomfort felt by the dog, you will have to go back to the previous stage and repeat it for the next sessions, until the dog will not be ready for the next step.<\/p>\n c) Thunderstorm sounds.<\/p>\n We set the date of desensitization to the sounds of the storm for the month of October, when the storm periods will end. It is important that during our process there are no factors that will put the dog under stress and cause the process to be reversed or interrupted - that is, a real storm. The therapy will consist in gradually setting the dog to the stimulus (the sound of a thunderstorm recorded on a CD) and simultaneously rewarding the dog (for calm behavior). Of course, the storm is not only sounds, but also the whole envelope, such as changes in atmospheric pressure, wind, rain, lightning, but since sound is the factor that dogs are afraid of and is the easiest to reproduce, this will be the first thing we do.<\/li>\n b) Walks - playing fetch and dragging a rag<\/p>\n c) More social contact with the dog (e.g. by grooming the dog)<\/p>\n d) Kong on the blanket. When there are activities with the child and when the Wasp has to stay on the blanket, she gets a kong filled with pate or something to chew (e.g. a bone). Chewing, licking are self-rewarding activities, besides, the wasp has developed a habit of "body care" to improve its mood, so we will provide it with the opportunity to present a different - alternative behavior<\/p>\n e) Creating a positive association with the blanket. So far, the blanket can be said to have been a "place of punishment", after all, the dog was chased to the blanket quite often. To build a new - good association Wasp will get treats from the owners when she is sitting on the blanket.<\/p>\n f) Basic training with the use of positive reinforcement. The owners are busy people, so if I imposed Osa training on them, they would probably feel demotivated by the enormity of work I imposed on them. Besides, their goal is not to have a perfectly trained dog. However, learning basic commands such as sit, down, come when called, and the command to send back to the blanket should help the dog to be mentally stimulated and the owners who will have a better-behaved dog that they will be happier with. To this end, I introduced training based on operant conditioning consisting in the use of positive reinforcement (desired behavior = reward) and negative punishment (undesirable behavior = interruption of the activity desired by the dog). I presented the owners with the principles of learning commands, and they successfully learned the sit command with me. The owners were surprised by the quick results, which made them feel motivated to keep working.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n Author: Edyta Gajewska<\/p>\n BOOKS: 2. Jean Donaldson \u201cThe Dog and the Man. How to live harmoniously under one roof<\/p>\n WEBSITES: ARTICLES: COURSES: 2. COAPE course, Module 3 EMRA - behavioral assessment model and a tool for designing and assessing the therapeutic process - PART 1 4. COAPE course, Module 3. Basic emotional systems of companion animals and their importance to modern veterinary and behavioral practice. [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column] Date of Consultation: 15.04.2010 Name and Surname of the dog's owner: Bo\u017cena Borkowska (wife) 31 years Other family members: Adam Borkowski (husband) 33 years, Maciej Borkowski (son) 2 years Dog\/Female: Bitch Name: Osa Breed: Typical Terrier Spayed\/neutered age: 3 years Age: 5 years Problem behavior: Dog bit owners son (incident repeated 2 times) Description of problem behavior, [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" Data Konsultacji: <\/strong>15.04.2010\r\nImi\u0119 i Nazwisko w\u0142a\u015bciciela psa:<\/strong> Bo\u017cena Borkowska (\u017cona) 31 lat\r\nPozostali cz\u0142onkowie rodziny:<\/strong> Adam Borkowski (m\u0105\u017c) 33 lata, Maciej Borkowski (syn) 2 lata\r\nPies\/Suka:<\/strong> Suka\r\nImi\u0119:<\/strong> Osa\r\nRasa: <\/strong>W typie Terier\r\nWiek kastracji\/sterylizacji:<\/strong> 3 lata\r\nWiek:<\/strong> 5 lat<\/p>\r\n Problemowe zachowanie: Pies ugryz\u0142 syna w\u0142a\u015bcicieli (incydent powt\u00f3rzy\u0142 si\u0119 2 razy)<\/strong>\r\nOpis problemowego zachowania, jego historia oraz pozosta\u0142e informacje, kt\u00f3re uzyska\u0142am podczas wywiadu z w\u0142a\u015bcicielami:<\/p>\r\n Osa to suka przygarni\u0119ta ze schroniska. W\u0142a\u015bciciele nie znali jej pochodzenia, r\u00f3wnie\u017c w schronisku z kt\u00f3rego j\u0105 adoptowali nie otrzymali takich informacji. Suczka zosta\u0142a przygarni\u0119ta ze schroniska w wieku ok. 18 tygodni. W\u0142a\u015bciciele stwierdzili, \u017ce od pocz\u0105tku jej zachowanie wskazywa\u0142o na to, i\u017c by\u0142a ona bita. Mia\u0142a trudno\u015bci z przyzwyczajeniem si\u0119 do nowego Pana, chowa\u0142a si\u0119 przed nim, cz\u0119sto kuli\u0142a si\u0119 ze strachu gdy ten podni\u00f3s\u0142 r\u0119k\u0119, krzykn\u0105\u0142, b\u0105d\u017a cyt.: \u201epr\u00f3bowa\u0142 zdyscyplinowa\u0107\u201d. Jednak\u017ce jak twierdz\u0105 w\u0142a\u015bciciele przyzwyczai\u0142a si\u0119 do niego i cyt.: \u201dczu\u0142a przed nim respekt\u201d. Metody dyscyplinowania, kt\u00f3re stosowali w\u0142a\u015bciciele to dawanie klaps\u00f3w gazet\u0105 (jak zas\u0142yszeli, kiedy karci si\u0119 psa gazet\u0105 pies nie widzi bezpo\u015bredniego zwi\u0105zku kary z w\u0142a\u015bcicielem, tylko przedmiotem, kt\u00f3rym dokonywana jest kara \u2013 w tym wypadku gazet\u0105).<\/p>\r\n W przesz\u0142o\u015bci \u2013 kiedy adoptowali Os\u0119, w\u0142a\u015bciciele pracowali poza domem \u015brednio po 8-9 godzin dziennie, suka wtedy przebywa\u0142a w domu sama. Jednak\u017ce przed ka\u017cdym wyj\u015bciem do pracy jak i po przyj\u015bciu, Osa wychodzi\u0142a na spacer, z kt\u00f3rych ka\u017cdy trwa\u0142 po godzin\u0119. Psu wtedy rzucano pi\u0142eczk\u0119 i zabawki, kt\u00f3re ch\u0119tnie aportowa\u0142a. Weekendy i wszystkie dni wolne sp\u0119dzali dosy\u0107 aktywnie. By\u0142y to wyjazdy w g\u00f3ry, nad jeziora, pod namioty. Wtedy to, o ile nie by\u0142y to wyjazdy zagraniczne zabierali Os\u0119 ze sob\u0105.<\/p>\r\n Osa nigdy nie by\u0142a na szkoleniu. Metody dyscyplinowania stosowane przez w\u0142a\u015bcicieli by\u0142y jak om\u00f3wione powy\u017cej \u2013 klapsy przy u\u017cyciu gazety, przy czym po zaprezentowaniu problemowego zachowania (ugryzienia dziecka Osa dosta\u0142a klapsy go\u0142\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105).\r\nPoza tym, suczka jest weso\u0142ym psiakiem, lubi go\u015bci, kt\u00f3rzy to po\u015bwi\u0119caj\u0105 jej uwag\u0119. Suka jednak nie pozwala nikomu zbli\u017cy\u0107 si\u0119 do swojego koca, kt\u00f3ry le\u017cy w przedpokoju. Podobno ka\u017cdy odwiedzaj\u0105cy jest informowany, aby wychodz\u0105c z pokoju nie nadepn\u0105\u0107 na jej kocyk. Od 5 lat kocyk znajduje si\u0119 w tym samym miejscu, w przedpokoju. Jest to miejsce strategiczne na drodze do wszystkich pozosta\u0142ych pomieszcze\u0144 a tak\u017ce wej\u015bcia do domu. W\u0142a\u015bciciele poinformowali mnie, i\u017c problemowe zachowania Osy nie powtarza\u0142y si\u0119 w innych miejscach w domu \u2013 prezentowa\u0142a je jedynie na swoim kocyku.<\/p>\r\n Ok. 10 miesi\u0119cy przed pojawieniem si\u0119 g\u0142\u00f3wnego problemu, nast\u0105pi\u0142a zmiana w \u017cyciu w\u0142a\u015bcicieli, urodzi\u0142o si\u0119 dziecko. W trakcie ci\u0105\u017cy Pani Bo\u017cena przebywa\u0142a na zasi\u0142ku chorobowym. Po\u015bwi\u0119ca\u0142a ona wtedy psu wi\u0119cej czasu, gdy\u017c wiedzia\u0142a, \u017ce po narodzinach dziecka b\u0119dzie go mia\u0142a du\u017co mniej, st\u0105d chcia\u0142a jej to \u201ewynagrodzi\u0107\u201d. Kiedy urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 syn, Osa coraz mniej czasu sp\u0119dza\u0142a z w\u0142a\u015bcicielami. Dwa godzinne spacery zmieni\u0142y si\u0119 w spacery na tak zwane \u201eszybkie siku\u201d, kt\u00f3re z regu\u0142y nie trwa\u0142y d\u0142u\u017cej ni\u017c 10-15 minut. W wi\u0119kszo\u015bci przypadk\u00f3w, pr\u00f3by zainteresowania psa dzieckiem ko\u0144czy\u0142y si\u0119 oddaleniem psa na kocyk. W\u0142a\u015bcicielka przyzna\u0142a, \u017ce od narodzin syna Osa, dosy\u0107 du\u017co czasu sp\u0119dza\u0142a na kocyku (szczeg\u00f3lnie w obecno\u015bci Pana kt\u00f3ry nie tolerowa\u0142 pr\u00f3b obw\u0105chiwania dziecka, kiedy jednak nie by\u0142o m\u0119\u017ca w domu Osa mog\u0142a pozwoli\u0107 sobie na wi\u0119cej).<\/p>\r\n Po ok. 10 miesi\u0105cach od urodzenia Ma\u0107ka mia\u0142 miejsce pierwszy incydent, kiedy to syn poraczkowa\u0142 na kocyk Osy ta z kolei go ugryz\u0142a (podobno bez ostrze\u017cenia). W\u0142a\u015bciciele skarcili psa (kara cielesna). Par\u0119 miesi\u0119cy po pierwszym, mia\u0142 miejsce kolejny incydent. Maciu\u015b zosta\u0142 ugryziony na kocyku u Osy. Osa ponownie zosta\u0142a skarcona. W\u0142a\u015bciciele stwierdzili, \u017ce nie mog\u0105 nara\u017ca\u0107 \u017cycia w\u0142asnego dziecka i postanowili poszuka\u0107 pomocy u psiego psychologa daj\u0105c psu ostatni\u0105 szans\u0119.<\/p>\r\n Poza tymi dwoma incydentami na kocyku, jak stwierdzili w\u0142a\u015bciciele Osa uwielbia Ma\u0107ka i cz\u0119sto si\u0119 razem bawi\u0105. Ponad to syn cz\u0119sto w\u0119drowa\u0142 na kocyk do Osy przed i pomi\u0119dzy tymi dwoma incydentami. W\u0119dr\u00f3wki te nigdy nie ko\u0144czy\u0142y si\u0119 ugryzieniem dziecka.\r\nPodczas wizyty r\u00f3wnie\u017c w\u0142a\u015bciciele zwr\u00f3cili uwag\u0119 na to, \u017ce Osa boi si\u0119 burzy, wtedy cz\u0119sto zachowuje si\u0119 dziwnie, wchodzi pod \u0142\u00f3\u017ceczko Oliwki lub do \u0142azienki i \u017cadn\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 nie da si\u0119 jej stamt\u0105d wyci\u0105gn\u0105\u0107. W\u0142a\u015bcicielka uspokaja ja wtedy czule g\u0142aszcz\u0105c i przemawiaj\u0105c do niej. W\u0142a\u015bciciel natomiast (je\u017celi jest w domu wyprasza j\u0105 na kocyk).<\/p>\r\n Relacje z innymi psami s\u0105 w porz\u0105dku, Osa bardzo si\u0119 cieszy na wszelkie kontakty z psami, jest bardzo przyja\u017anie do nich nastawiona.\r\nOsa w przesz\u0142o\u015bci przesz\u0142a ostr\u0105 infekcj\u0119 ucha, kt\u00f3ra zosta\u0142a zaleczona. Jednak\u017ce do tej poty nie da si\u0119 dotkn\u0105\u0107 w ucho.\r\nOsa jest karmiona jeden raz dziennie zazwyczaj w porach wieczornych. W\u0142a\u015bcicielka przygotowuje dla niej posi\u0142ki i taki posi\u0142ek sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z 1\/3 zmielonego kurczaka, b\u0105d\u017a innego mi\u0119sa, 1\/3 ry\u017cu lub makaronu oraz 1\/3 marchewki. Poza tym dieta psa nie jest uzupe\u0142niana w \u017cadne inne sk\u0142adniki od\u017cywcze, witaminy czy mikroelementy. Woda nie jest dost\u0119pna ca\u0142y czas, gdy\u017c Osa cz\u0119sto ja rozlewa, rozdeptuje, strzepuje z sier\u015bci brody co jak uznali w\u0142a\u015bciciele jest ma\u0142o higieniczne, szczeg\u00f3lnie przy dziecku. Wod\u0119 dostaje par\u0119 razy dziennie przy w\u0142a\u015bcicielach po czym miska odk\u0142adana jest na kuchenny blat.<\/p>\r\n Obserwacje w trakcie wizyty:<\/strong>\r\nPomimo, i\u017c w\u0142a\u015bciciele twierdzili, \u017ce Osa (poza dwoma incydentami na kocyku) uwielbia ch\u0142opca, zauwa\u017cy\u0142am, \u017ce w trakcie interakcji pies \u2013 dziecko, pies wykazuje wyra\u017anie znaki zaniepokojenia. Podczas tych interakcji Osa zastosowa\u0142a wiele sygna\u0142\u00f3w uspokajaj\u0105cych. Przeci\u0105ga\u0142a si\u0119, ziewa\u0142a, oblizywa\u0142a nos, drapa\u0142a si\u0119, odwraca\u0142a g\u0142ow\u0119. Ch\u0142opiec podchodzi\u0142 do psa bezpo\u015brednio, wyci\u0105ga\u0142 do niego r\u0119ce, goni\u0142a wok\u00f3\u0142 sto\u0142u, pr\u00f3bowa\u0142a karmi\u0107 chrupkami. Wbrew przekonaniom rodzic\u00f3w pies nie by\u0142 zrelaksowany a zestresowany t\u0105 sytuacj\u0105. Dawa\u0142 wszelkie \u201epsie\u201d sygna\u0142y ku temu, \u017ce sytuacja w jakiej si\u0119 znalaz\u0142 nie by\u0142a dla niego komfortowa. Pr\u00f3by wyj\u015bcia z pokoju, czy schowania si\u0119 w k\u0105t by\u0142y nieskuteczne, gdy\u017c dziecko w\u0119drowa\u0142o za psem.<\/p>\r\n Poprosi\u0142am rodzic\u00f3w aby uniemo\u017cliwili ch\u0142opcu kontakt z psem. W\u0142a\u015bciciel wys\u0142a\u0142 psa na kocyk. Kiedy pr\u00f3bowa\u0142am przej\u015b\u0107 z pokoju do \u0142azienki, nie zwracaj\u0105c uwagi na psa Osa wyra\u017anie znieruchomia\u0142a, a nast\u0119pnie pokaza\u0142a z\u0119by. Ze wzgl\u0119d\u00f3w bezpiecze\u0144stwa wycofa\u0142am si\u0119 i poprosi\u0142am o za\u0142o\u017cenie psu kaga\u0144ca pomimo, i\u017c w\u0142a\u015bciciele poinformowali mnie, \u017ce Osa nic mi nie zrobi pod warunkiem, \u017ce nie nadepn\u0119 na jej kocyk. Kiedy pr\u00f3bowa\u0142am podej\u015b\u0107 do kocyka Osa powt\u00f3rzy\u0142a ca\u0142\u0105 sekwencj\u0119 \u2013 znieruchomia\u0142a, pokaza\u0142a z\u0119by i warkn\u0119\u0142a.<\/p>\r\n Podczas wizyty rzuci\u0142a mi si\u0119 w oczy niezgodno\u015b\u0107 pomi\u0119dzy w\u0142a\u015bcicielami co do sposobu traktowania psa. W\u0142a\u015bcicielka jest nieco bardziej \u201ewyluzowana\u201d je\u017celi chodzi o kontakty psa z dzieckiem czy kwestie przebywania psa w innych pomieszczeniach za wyj\u0105tkiem przedpokoju, w\u0142a\u015bciciel natomiast woli je\u017celi pies pozostaje na swoim kocyku i wida\u0107 wyra\u017ane poirytowanie kiedy ten opuszcza go bez zezwolenia.\r\nW trakcie obserwacji zauwa\u017cy\u0142am r\u00f3wnie\u017c, \u017ce pies uporczywie drapie si\u0119.<\/p>\r\n Cel sprecyzowany przez w\u0142a\u015bcicieli: Nie dopu\u015bci\u0107 wi\u0119cej do incydent\u00f3w ugryzie\u0144 dziecka jako cel g\u0142\u00f3wny. Za\u0142agodzi\u0107 l\u0119ki Osy przed burz\u0105.\r\nW pierwszej kolejno\u015bci zajm\u0119 si\u0119 ocena nastroju psa na co dzie\u0144, ocen\u0105 emocji w trakcie wykonywanego zachowania oraz ocen\u0105 wzmocnie\u0144.\r\nWa\u017cnym krokiem jest rozpoznanie nastroju emocjonalnego samopoczucia zwierz\u0119cia w normalnych sytuacjach, a wi\u0119c jak dane zwierz\u0119 czuje si\u0119 og\u00f3lnie na co dzie\u0144, poza sytuacjami problemowymi.\r\n W ka\u017cdym przypadku to w\u0142a\u015bnie codzienny nastr\u00f3j psa wymaga przede wszystkim uwagi, nad emocjami mo\u017cna popracowa\u0107 dopiero wtedy kiedy doprowadzimy do ustabilizowania si\u0119 nastroju OSY przynajmniej na poziomie umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105cym komunikacje z ni\u0105.<\/p>\r\n Poziom nastroju podlega procesowi homeostatycznej regulacji. Emocjonalny m\u00f3zg stara si\u0119 utrzyma\u0107 tak zwany stan zadowolenia , d\u0105\u017c\u0105c do wyr\u00f3wnania ka\u017cdego odchylenia od \u201enormalnego\u201d poziomu. Jak zauwa\u017cy\u0142am Osa dosy\u0107 intensywnie piel\u0119gnuje swoje cia\u0142o \u2013 szczeg\u00f3lnie b\u0119d\u0105c na kocyku. Mo\u017ce by\u0107 to reakcja psa b\u0119d\u0105cego pod wp\u0142ywem stresu b\u0105d\u017a braku mo\u017cliwo\u015bci realizacji zachowa\u0144 podtrzymuj\u0105cych normalne emocjonalne samopoczucie. W sytuacji niemo\u017cno\u015bci realizacji tych w\u0142a\u015bciwych dla gatunku zachowa\u0144 mog\u0142o doj\u015b\u0107 do ukszta\u0142towania zachowa\u0144 podtrzymuj\u0105cych nastr\u00f3j. Przywr\u00f3cenie dobrego emocjonalnego samopoczucia poprzez danie mo\u017cliwo\u015bci psu wykonywania innych samo nagradzaj\u0105cych zachowa\u0144 powoduje, \u017ce pies jest lepiej przygotowany na poradzenie sobie z nieprzyjemnymi emocjami. W\u0142a\u015bciciele, od czasu urodzenia dziecka nie po\u015bwi\u0119caj\u0105 psu nale\u017cytej uwagi, spacery oraz kontakty socjalne zosta\u0142y ograniczone a poniewa\u017c jej istotne, emocjonalne potrzeby przesta\u0142y by\u0107 zaspokajane, jej zachowanie s\u0142u\u017cy wyr\u00f3wnaniu stanu emocjonalnego.<\/p>\r\n Sformu\u0142owanie opinii o tym, co prze\u017cywa zwierz\u0119 w czasie problemowego zachowania jest niezwykle istotne \u2013 czy boi si\u0119, prze\u017cywa frustracj\u0119, z\u0142o\u015b\u0107, jest smutny, czy mo\u017ce rado\u015bnie podniecony. Osa nauczy\u0142a si\u0119, \u017ce ugryzienie dziecka powoduje natychmiastowe zabranie go przez w\u0142a\u015bcicieli z kocyka w zwi\u0105zku z czym oddalaj\u0105 oni od psa niebezpiecze\u0144stwo. A wi\u0119c w kategoriach emocji strach Osy zamienia si\u0119 w uczucie ulgi, kiedy zwi\u0119ksza si\u0119 dystans pomi\u0119dzy ni\u0105 a dzieckiem. Kiedy Osa ujrzy ch\u0142opczyka, pierwsz\u0105 reakcj\u0105 jak\u0105 prezentuje jest zaniepokojenie. Kiedy ch\u0142opiec zbli\u017ca si\u0119 do kocyka i wyci\u0105ga r\u0119ce w kierunku g\u0142owy Osa odczuwa l\u0119k (zaczyna k\u0142apa\u0107 z\u0119bami i warcze\u0107), kiedy dziecko nie odczytuje jej sygna\u0142\u00f3w Osa gryzie a l\u0119k zast\u0119powany jest poprzez uczucie ulgi, kiedy w\u0142a\u015bciciele zabieraj\u0105 dziecko z kocyka. Nie ma znaczenia, \u017ce chwil\u0119 potem nast\u0119puje kara, gdy\u017c jest ona wykonana za p\u00f3\u017ano aby Osa mog\u0142a skojarzy\u0107 j\u0105 ze swoim zachowaniem. Najpierw w\u0142a\u015bciciele zabieraj\u0105 dziecko z kocyka, sprawdzaj\u0105 czy wszystko jest w porz\u0105dku. Kara natomiast pojawia si\u0119 par\u0119 minut p\u00f3\u017aniej.\r\n Wiele problem\u00f3w z zachowaniem zwierz\u0105t bierze si\u0119 z braku mo\u017cliwo\u015bci prezentowania silnych, wrodzonych wzorc\u00f3w zachowania. Zwierz\u0119ta te wybieraj\u0105 w zamian inne, nieodpowiednie dla nas zachowania. Te z kolei staja si\u0119 uzale\u017cniaj\u0105cymi sterowanymi dopamin\u0105 zachowaniami polegaj\u0105cymi na poszukiwaniu przyjemno\u015bci.\r\n Kontakty socjalne -suka z regu\u0142y jest wyganiana z pokoju, w kt\u00f3rym jest dziecko, gdy\u017c w\u0142a\u015bciciel nie \u017cyczy sobie kontakt\u00f3w psa z dzieckiem. W\u0142a\u015bcicielka, g\u0142\u00f3wnie pod nieobecno\u015b\u0107 m\u0119\u017ca zezwala psu i dziecku na wsp\u00f3ln\u0105 zabaw\u0119. Osa nie jest cz\u0119sto g\u0142askana i przytulana, gdy\u017c zdaniem w\u0142a\u015bciciela nie\u0142adnie pachnie. Osa to pies bardzo towarzyski, w przesz\u0142o\u015bci bardzo du\u017co czasu sp\u0119dza\u0142a ze swoim Pa\u0144stwem towarzysz\u0105c im we wszelkiego rodzaju wycieczkach. Kiedy wesz\u0142am do domu pies przywita\u0142 mnie merdaniem ogona. Jednak\u017ce dosy\u0107 szybko zosta\u0142 wygoniony z pokoju. Potrzeby socjalne psa s\u0105 zaspakajanie na bardzo niskim poziomie.\r\nSuka przebywaj\u0105c na swoim kocyku dosy\u0107 intensywnie \u201epiel\u0119gnowa\u0142a\u201d swoje cia\u0142o. Wylizywa\u0142a \u0142apy, robi\u0142a to dosy\u0107 uporczywie. Mo\u017cliwe, \u017ce u pod\u0142o\u017ca tego zachowania pocz\u0105tkowo le\u017ca\u0142y reakcje alergiczne. Natomiast takie zachowanie samo w sobie jest wewn\u0119trznie nagradzaj\u0105ce. Suka prawdopodobnie wypracowa\u0142a sobie spos\u00f3b alternatywnego zachowania, przynosz\u0105cego satysfakcje i ulg\u0119. W sytuacji niemo\u017cno\u015bci realizacji w\u0142a\u015bciwych dla gatunku lub typu zwierz\u0119cia zachowa\u0144 mog\u0142o doj\u015b\u0107 do wypracowania zachowa\u0144 podtrzymuj\u0105cych nastr\u00f3j jak na przyk\u0142ad piel\u0119gnacja swojego cia\u0142a.<\/p>\r\n Jedzenie \u2013 pomimo, \u017ce Osa dostaje je\u015b\u0107 raz dziennie, jest to dosy\u0107 du\u017ca porcja jedzenia na raz. Znacznie lepiej b\u0119dzie t\u0119 sama porcie rozdzieli\u0107 na 3-4 ma\u0142e posi\u0142ki tym samym minimalizuj\u0105c wahania cukru we krwi.\r\nOdpoczynek, sen \u2013 pomimo, i\u017c Osa wiele czasu przebywa na swoim pos\u0142aniu \u2013 nie jest to miejsce w kt\u00f3rym wypoczywa. Wydaje si\u0119 by\u0107 zawsze czujna, a szczeg\u00f3lnie wtedy gdy kto\u015b znajduje si\u0119 na przedpokoju, co z pewno\u015bci\u0105 dzieje si\u0119 bardzo cz\u0119sto z uwagi na fakt, i\u017c jest to miejsce strategiczne s\u0105siaduj\u0105ce z wszystkimi pomieszczeniami. Kocyk nie jest miejscem bezpiecznym i takim gdzie rzeczywi\u015bcie mo\u017ce si\u0119 uda\u0107 w celu wypoczynku. Sytuacj\u0119 pogarsza dziecko, kt\u00f3re naturalnie jest zainteresowane psem w zwi\u0105zku z czym w\u0119dr\u00f3wki w kierunku kocyka zdarzaj\u0105 si\u0119 cz\u0119sto. Czas wypoczynku psa powinien zosta\u0107 zbilansowany a suka powinna mie\u0107 swoje miejsce w domu gdzie nikt nie b\u0119dzie jej przeszkadza\u0142.\r\nProblemowe zachowanie Osy to ugryzienie dziecka. W zwi\u0105zku z tym w tym miejscu warto si\u0119 przyjrze\u0107 jakie czynniki wywo\u0142uj\u0105 agresj\u0119 czyli kto, co, dlaczego i w jakich okoliczno\u015bciach. Odpowiedzi na te pytania pozwol\u0105 opracowa\u0107 techniki post\u0119powania, dzi\u0119ki kt\u00f3rym b\u0119dzie mo\u017cliwa modyfikacja niepo\u017c\u0105danego zachowania, czyli ograniczenie i wyeliminowanie agresji.<\/p>\r\n \u201eOpracowano model agresji, w kt\u00f3rym zawarta jest pr\u00f3ba uporz\u0105dkowania wywo\u0142uj\u0105cych j\u0105 bod\u017ac\u00f3w. Mo\u017cna go zastosowa\u0107 do bardzo licznych przypadk\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych do pogryzienia dochodzi w skutek zadzia\u0142ania wielu bod\u017ac\u00f3w. Jest to tak zwany model progowy. Ka\u017cdy pies ugryzie, kiedy zostanie przekroczony pewien pr\u00f3g, za kt\u00f3rym ko\u0144czy si\u0119 jego tolerancja.\u201d<\/p>\r\n Zebrane informacje oraz opis zdarzenia, w kt\u00f3rym dosz\u0142o do ataku wyra\u017anie pokaza\u0142y, \u017ce na zaistnia\u0142\u0105 sytuacj\u0119 mia\u0142o wp\u0142yw szereg czynnik\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re przekroczy\u0142y pr\u00f3g tolerancji Osy. Osa jak ka\u017cdy pies, jest w stanie tolerowa\u0107 pewne nat\u0119\u017cenie dyskomfortu czy napi\u0119cia, jednak\u017ce przekroczenie tego progu skutkuje ugryzieniem. Podczas setek lat ewolucji psy wypracowa\u0142y sobie ca\u0142y zestaw sygna\u0142\u00f3w gro\u017c\u0105cych, kt\u00f3re prezentuj\u0105 w sytuacji zagro\u017cenia po to, by oddali\u0107 jego \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o. S\u0105 to: warczenie, pokazywanie z\u0119b\u00f3w i k\u0142apanie z\u0119bami w powietrze, okazywane sekwencyjnie. Dopiero je\u015bli te sygna\u0142y nie skutkuj\u0105, lub sytuacja wydaje si\u0119 psu na tyle zagra\u017caj\u0105ca, \u017ce nie ma czasu na ich okazywanie, ucieka si\u0119 do ataku i gryzie. Poszczeg\u00f3lne czynniki sk\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 na sytuacj\u0119 sumuj\u0105 si\u0119 powoduj\u0105c przekroczenie najwy\u017cszego progu \u2013 ataku.\r\nW przypadku Osy te elementarne czynniki to: dziecko, podej\u015bcie do kocyka, m\u0119\u017cczyzna, burza, dotykanie uszu. Ju\u017c przy dochodzeniu do kocyka Osa nieruchomia\u0142a, chwil\u0119 po tym zaczyna\u0142a warcze\u0107 i klapa\u0107 z\u0119bami (przy czym progi warczenia i k\u0142apania z\u0119bami s\u0105 bardzo do siebie zbli\u017cone -jak zobrazowa\u0142am na rys. 3). W\u0142a\u015bciciel poinformowa\u0142 mnie, \u017ce syn wiele razy wchodzi\u0142 na kocyk psa przed i pomi\u0119dzy zdarzeniami i nic z\u0142ego si\u0119 nie dzia\u0142o. Mo\u017cna by wi\u0119c wysun\u0105\u0107 za\u0142o\u017cenie, \u017ce m\u00f3g\u0142 wyst\u0105pi\u0107 jeszcze jeden czynnik, kt\u00f3ry wraz z pozosta\u0142ymi z\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 si\u0119 na poziom przekraczaj\u0105cy pr\u00f3g ataku. Mo\u017cemy wysnu\u0107 przypuszczenie, \u017ce by\u0142 to dyskomfort jaki odczuwa\u0142 pies w trakcie dotykania go za bol\u0105cym uchem. Czynniki ryzyka oraz progi reakcji zosta\u0142y uj\u0119te na rysunku numer 3. Na rysunku numer 4 natomiast zobrazowane s\u0105 3 czynniki nak\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 na siebie i przekraczaj\u0105ce pr\u00f3g wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci Osy, co w efekcie doprowadza do ataku. Na diagramie postanowi\u0142am uj\u0105\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c pozosta\u0142e czynniki ryzyka \u2013 t.j. np.: burz\u0119. Cho\u0107 nie przyczyni\u0142a si\u0119 ona w \u017caden spos\u00f3b do zaistnia\u0142ego incydentu to na rysunku wida\u0107 jak szybko progi zosta\u0142yby przekroczone i jak szybko nast\u0105pi\u0142by atak, gdyby w trakcie burzy podej\u015b\u0107 do kocyka psa. Znaj\u0105c progi reakcji Osy mo\u017cemy post\u0105pi\u0107 w dw\u00f3jnas\u00f3b \u2013 po pierwsze kontrolowa\u0107 problem polegaj\u0105cy na niedopuszczaniu do sytuacji, w kt\u00f3rych mo\u017ce wyst\u0105pi\u0107 zachowanie agresywne. W tym wypadku wydaje si\u0119 to rozwi\u0105zaniem jakie powinni\u015bmy zastosowa\u0107 natychmiast, nie chcemy bowiem aby ataki si\u0119 powt\u00f3rzy\u0142y. Zasugerowa\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom aby kocyk z przedpokoju przenie\u015bli w inne, spokojniejsze miejsce, takie w kt\u00f3rym pies b\u0119dzie czu\u0142 si\u0119 bezpieczny i takie do kt\u00f3rego dost\u0119pu nie b\u0119dzie mia\u0142o dziecko. Zamiast koca mo\u017cna by wprowadzi\u0107 tzw. kennel klatk\u0119, do kt\u00f3rej pies b\u0119dzie m\u00f3g\u0142 si\u0119 schowa\u0107. Spokoju psa nie mo\u017ce zak\u0142\u00f3ca\u0107 dziecko tote\u017c proponuj\u0119 rozwi\u0105zanie zainstalowania specjalnych bramek w drzwiach uniemo\u017cliwiaj\u0105cych bezpo\u015bredni dost\u0119p dziecka do psa. Kolejnym krokiem b\u0119dzie wprowadzenie programu odwra\u017cliwiania psa na bod\u017ace, kt\u00f3re powoduj\u0105 dyskomfort a kt\u00f3re na\u0142o\u017cone na siebie mog\u0105 w efekcie prowadzi\u0107 do przekroczenia ostatniego progu reakcji \u2013 ataku. Chodzi mi tutaj szczeg\u00f3lnie o odwra\u017cliwianie na dziecko, m\u0119\u017cczyzn, dotykanie uszu (po ich uprzednim wyleczeniu) czy cho\u0107by d\u017awi\u0119ki burzy.\r\n Zaproponowa\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom zmian\u0119 cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci podawania karmy do 3-4 razy dziennie, w celu zmniejszenia waha\u0144 poziomu cukru we krwi. Niski poziom cukru we krwi r\u00f3wnie\u017c mo\u017ce wskazywa\u0107 przyczyn\u0119 pojawienia si\u0119 zachowa\u0144 agresywnych tam, gdzie nie zdiagnozowano innego pod\u0142o\u017ca problemu. Obni\u017cony poziom cukru mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c cz\u0119\u015bciowo t\u0142umaczy\u0107 przechodzenie niekt\u00f3rych zwierz\u0105t z g\u0142\u0119bokiego snu w stan agresji, gdy m\u00f3zg ma zbyt ma\u0142o energii, by podejmowa\u0142 racjonalne decyzje. W\u0142a\u015bciciele r\u00f3wnie\u017c nie mog\u0105 ogranicza\u0107 psu dost\u0119pu do wody.\r\nSpraw\u0105 problematyczn\u0105 dla w\u0142a\u015bcicieli jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c zachowanie psa podczas burzy. Osa staje si\u0119 wtedy bardzo niespokojna, chodzi, nie umie sobie znale\u017a\u0107 miejsca, zdarzy\u0142o si\u0119 wchodzi\u0107 pod \u0142\u00f3\u017ceczko dziecka, do \u0142azienki a nawet do otwartej szafy. W\u0142a\u015bciciel zazwyczaj umieszcza psa na kocyku, w\u0142a\u015bcicielka z kolei stara si\u0119 uspokoi\u0107 j\u0105 poprzez g\u0142askanie i przemawianie do niej. Do wzmocnienia i utrwalenia l\u0119k\u00f3w przyczyni\u0142o si\u0119 zachowanie w\u0142a\u015bcicielki, kt\u00f3re mog\u0142o sprawi\u0107 \u017ce emocja leku ust\u0119powa\u0142a poczuciu ulgi, co z kolei wzmocni\u0142o zachowania l\u0119kowe.\r\nTerapia w tym przypadku na pocz\u0105tku b\u0119dzie polega\u0107 g\u0142\u00f3wnie na polepszeniu samopoczucia psa w trakcie burzy, w dalszej kolejno\u015bci na odwra\u017cliwianiu. Z tym, \u017ce odwra\u017cliwianie nie mo\u017ce przebiega\u0107 w obecnym burzliwym okresie roku, gdy\u017c jest ono przeprowadzane stopniowo, w zwi\u0105zku z czym nie mo\u017cemy sobie pozwoli\u0107 na to aby w trakcie procesu Osa zosta\u0142a nastawiona na dzia\u0142anie prawdziwego czynnika stresuj\u0105cego. St\u0105d te\u017c prac\u0119 nad odwra\u017cliwianiem zostawili\u015bmy na okres p\u00f3\u017aniejszy \u2013 pa\u017adziernik 2010.<\/p>\r\n Po pierwsze, w trakcie burzy nale\u017cy zapewni\u0107 psu bezpieczn\u0105 przysta\u0144. W praktyce oznacza to pozostawienie otwartych pomieszcze\u0144 do \u0142azienki, pokoju. Pies sam sobie wybierze miejsce, w kt\u00f3rym przeczeka burz\u0119. Osa wybra\u0142a sobie ciemn\u0105 \u0142azienk\u0119.<\/p>\r\n Dodatkowo tez zaproponowa\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom wizyt\u0119 u lekarza weterynarii, kt\u00f3ry w trakcie trwania burzliwych okres\u00f3w, ewentualnie m\u00f3g\u0142by wprowadzi\u0107 terapi\u0119 farmakologiczn\u0105. W sytuacji l\u0119ku przed burz\u0105 mo\u017ce by\u0107 niezb\u0119dna poprawa nastroju psa, gdy\u017c nastawienie na dzia\u0142anie bod\u017ac\u00f3w l\u0119kowych mo\u017ce permanentnie obni\u017ca\u0107 samopoczucie emocjonalne. Lekiem kt\u00f3ry poprawia nastr\u00f3j, wspomaga uczenie si\u0119 i zapami\u0119tywanie jest clomipramine, kt\u00f3ry blokuje wychwyt zwrotny serotoniny, powoduj\u0105c w ten spos\u00f3b poniesienie nastroju. W czasie kiedy nadci\u0105ga burza skuteczny r\u00f3wnie\u017c jest diazepam, kt\u00f3ry ma za zadanie \u0142agodzi\u0107 prze\u017cywanie l\u0119ku i blokowa\u0107 pami\u0119\u0107 nieprzyjemnych zdarze\u0144. Poniewa\u017c diazepam jest usuwany szybko z organizmu nie wp\u0142ywa negatywnie na realizowany w toku terapii program modyfikacji zachowania. Niekt\u00f3re \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a podaj\u0105, i\u017c skutecznym jest podawanie melatoniny, gdy\u017c ten hormon mo\u017ce sprawi\u0107, ze pies stanie si\u0119 bardziej zrelaksowany i mniej przej\u0119ty tym, co dzieje si\u0119 wok\u00f3\u0142. Jednak\u017ce zastosowanie jakichkolwiek \u015brodk\u00f3w farmakologicznych powinno by\u0107 uzgodnione i stosowane \u015bci\u015ble w porozumieniu z lekarzem weterynarii. St\u0105d te\u017c skierowa\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicieli na konsultacj\u0119 weterynaryjn\u0105.\r\nJako pomoc w radzeniu sobie ze stanami l\u0119kowymi Osy, g\u0142\u00f3wnie jako cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 programu modyfikacji zachowania zaleci\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom zastosowanie preparatu D.A.P w postaci dyfuzora wk\u0142adanego do kontaktu. Psie feromony koj\u0105ce, jak sama nazwa wskazuje, dzia\u0142aj\u0105 uspokajaj\u0105co, \u0142agodz\u0105c prze\u017cywany l\u0119k i stres. Zaprzestanie dzia\u0142ania feromon\u00f3w koj\u0105cych jest wa\u017cnym czynnikiem powoduj\u0105cym stres w momencie odsadzenia szczeni\u0105t. Badania wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce uspokajaj\u0105ce w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci tych feromon\u00f3w utrzymuj\u0105 si\u0119 tak\u017ce u doros\u0142ych ps\u00f3w. Poleci\u0142am aby dyfuzor by\u0142 w\u0142\u0105czony do kontaktu przez ca\u0142y okres burzowy.<\/p>\r\n Przeprowadzi\u0142am z klientami kr\u00f3tk\u0105 rozmow\u0119 na temat interakcji pies \u2013 dziecko, w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci na temat w\u0142a\u015bciwego podej\u015bcia i kontrolowanej zabawy psa z dzieckiem. Nie mo\u017cna bowiem dopuszcza\u0107 do sytuacji kiedy dziecko narusza przestrze\u0144 psa. Kwestie bezpiecze\u0144stwa s\u0105 tutaj bardzo wa\u017cne \u2013 z reszt\u0105 nie tylko dziecka, ale tak\u017ce odwiedzaj\u0105cych go\u015bci. Przedstawi\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom progi reakcji Osy, gdy\u017c uzna\u0142am za wa\u017cne aby w\u0142a\u015bciciele zdawali sobie spraw\u0119 jakie bod\u017ace mog\u0105 przyczyni\u0107 si\u0119 do wyst\u0105pienia reakcji agresywnych. Nauczy\u0142am rodzic\u00f3w dostrzega\u0107 sygna\u0142y uspokajaj\u0105ce jakie wysy\u0142a Osa oraz kiedy je wysy\u0142a.<\/p>\r\n Zaproponowany program terapii podzieli\u0142am na kilka etap\u00f3w, po to, aby nie wprowadza\u0107 za wiele rzeczy jednocze\u015bnie cz\u0119\u015bciej motywuj\u0105c w\u0142a\u015bcicieli szybkimi i cz\u0119stymi sukcesami osi\u0105ganymi na ka\u017cdym etapie programu. Dla ka\u017cdego etapu zosta\u0142a utworzona skala czasowa. Wszystkie \u0107wiczenia zosta\u0142y prze\u0107wiczone praktycznie \u2013 przy czym nauka prostych komend by\u0142a najbardziej motywuj\u0105ca dla w\u0142a\u015bcicieli, gdy\u017c wra\u017cenie na nich wywar\u0142y szybkie post\u0119py Osy.<\/p>\r\n W planie terapeutycznym w pierwszej kolejno\u015bci zaproponowa\u0142am:<\/strong>\r\nWizyt\u0119 u lekarza weterynarii celem wykluczenia b\u0105d\u017a zdiagnozowania alergii na kt\u00f3ry\u015b ze sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w pokarmu (ew. w przypadku diagnozy alergii \u2013 dobrania odpowiedniej karmy), oceny og\u00f3lnego stanu zdrowia oraz mo\u017cliwo\u015bci zastosowania pomocy farmakologicznej w zakresie l\u0119ku przed burz\u0105.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\nDescription of the problematic behavior, its history and other information that I obtained during the interview with the owners:<\/p>\n
\nIn addition, the female dog is a cheerful dog, she likes guests who pay attention to her. The female dog, however, does not allow anyone to get close to her blanket, which is lying in the hall. Apparently, every visitor is informed not to step on her blanket when leaving the room. For 5 years, the blanket has been in the same place, in the hall. It is a strategic place on the way to all other rooms as well as the entrance to the house. The owners informed me that Wasp's problematic behavior was not repeated elsewhere in the house - she only presented it on her blanket.<\/p>\n
\nDuring the visit, the owners also pointed out that Osa is afraid of a storm, then she often behaves strangely, goes under Oliwka's bed or into the bathroom and can't get her out of there with any force. The owner calms her down by lovingly stroking and talking to her. The owner, on the other hand (if she is at home, asks her out for a blanket).<\/p>\n
\nWasp had an acute ear infection in the past which was treated. However, until this sweat, you can't touch the ear.
\nThe wasp is fed once a day, usually in the evening. The owner prepares meals for her and such a meal consists of 1\/3 ground chicken or other meat, 1\/3 rice or pasta and 1\/3 carrot. In addition, the dog's diet is not supplemented with any other nutrients, vitamins or microelements. Water is not available all the time, because Osa often spills it, tramples it, shakes it off the beard, which, according to the owners, is not very hygienic, especially with a child. He gets water a couple of times a day with the owners, after which the bowl is put on the kitchen counter.<\/p>\n
\nAlthough the owners claimed that Osa (apart from two incidents on the blanket) loves the boy, I noticed that during the dog-child interaction, the dog showed clear signs of anxiety. During these interactions, the Wasp used many calming signals. She stretched, yawned, licked her nose, scratched herself, turned her head away. The boy approached the dog directly, held out his hands to him, chased him around the table, tried to feed him crisps. Contrary to the beliefs of the parents, the dog was not relaxed but stressed by this situation. He gave all "dog" signals that the situation he was in was not comfortable for him. Attempts to leave the room or hide in a corner were unsuccessful, as the child followed the dog.<\/p>\n
\nDuring the observation, I also noticed that the dog was scratching persistently.<\/p>\n
\nFirst of all, I will deal with the assessment of the dog's mood on a daily basis, the assessment of emotions during the behavior and the assessment of reinforcements.
\nAn important step is to recognize the mood of the animal's emotional well-being in normal situations, i.e. how the animal feels in general on a daily basis, outside of problem situations.
\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.wlochata-pasja.com.pl\/en\/plik\/Rys.-1.1.jpg\/\" "\\"Fig.")
<\/a>
\nAs presented in Figure 1, Wasp's mood can be assessed as a dog that is clearly anxious. The wasp seems to be alert and attentive to the boy all the time, even when he is on the blanket "watching".<\/p>\n
\n<\/a>
\nProblematic behavior is rewarding for Wasp. It is a reinforcement for her that the child moves away. Wasp's emotional evaluation shows that she is experiencing an emotion of relief, which is rewarding in itself. An important part of the reinforcement assessment is to consider what reinforcing activities can be used in a behavior modification program. To change undesirable behavior, it is not enough to simply prevent the animal from performing it. He needs to be taught an alternative behavior that is equally or more rewarding. It is possible that the undesirable behavior occurred because the animal could not display important innate behavioral patterns and needed to do something that would sustain the necessary state of contentment. In order to assess this, I will create an OSY pleasure balance sheet in the following.<\/p>\n
\n<\/a>
\nThe above balance of pleasure has been drawn up based on the type of terrier breed, because it is very important to approach a given case taking into account its individual behavior patterns (hunting chain) presented for a given breed, but also strictly dependent on a specific case and its individual needs. \u201c(\u2026) different dog breeds organize their social structure in different ways. What is important to one breed, in terms of 'herd rules' and communication systems, is not necessarily important to another breed." "There is probably no such thing as a 'dog', but we should define each breed according to its highly individual and complex behavioral patterns."
\nWasp's balance of pleasure is disturbed on virtually every level. In the past, owners devoted much more time to the dog, and daily walks lasted more than 2 hours. During these walks, Wasp had the opportunity to explore the area and play with the owners, fetch the ball, play in dragging the toy. At the moment, walks have been drastically reduced and consist only of walking on a leash around the block. \u201cOn a neurological level, the play system works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. PLAY also gives animals opportunities to practice hunting skills and reproductive behavior.\u201d It is very important to provide O\u015ba with this kind of stimulation in order to maintain a good "mood".<\/p>\n
\nThe female dog, staying on her blanket, "nurtured" her body quite intensively. She licked her paws, she did it quite persistently. It is possible that allergic reactions were the underlying cause of this behavior initially. However, this behavior is inherently rewarding in itself. The female dog has probably developed a pattern of alternative behavior that brings satisfaction and relief. In the event of impossibility to implement behaviors appropriate for the species or type of animal, mood-sustaining behaviors could be developed, such as caring for one's body.<\/p>\n
\nRest, sleep - despite the fact that Osa spends a lot of time on her bed - this is not a place where she rests. She seems to be always vigilant, especially when someone is in the hall, which certainly happens very often due to the fact that this is a strategic place adjacent to all rooms. A blanket is not a safe place where you can really go to rest. The situation is aggravated by a child who is naturally interested in a dog, so wandering towards the blanket happens often. The dog's rest time should be balanced and the female dog should have her own place in the house where no one will disturb her.
\nThe problem behavior of the Wasp is the bite of a child. Therefore, at this point it is worth looking at what factors trigger aggression, ie who, what, why and under what circumstances. Answers to these questions will allow to develop techniques of conduct, thanks to which it will be possible to modify undesirable behavior, i.e. reduce and eliminate aggression.<\/p>\n
\nIn the case of Wasp, these elementary factors are: a child, approaching a blanket, a man, a storm, touching ears. As soon as it reached the blanket, the Wasp was immobile, a moment later it began to growl and snap its teeth (the thresholds of growling and snapping teeth are very close - as I have shown in Fig. 3). The owner informed me that the son had stepped on the dog's blanket many times before and in between the incidents and nothing bad had happened. It could therefore be assumed that one more factor could have occurred, which together with the others contributed to the level exceeding the threshold of the attack. We can surmise that it was the discomfort the dog felt when touching it behind the aching ear. Risk factors and reaction thresholds are shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows 3 factors that overlap and exceed the Wasp's strength threshold, which in turn leads to an attack. I decided to include other risk factors in the diagram, e.g. a storm. Although it did not contribute to the incident in any way, the picture shows how quickly the thresholds would be exceeded and how quickly the attack would occur if you approached the dog's blanket during the storm. Knowing the Wasp's reaction thresholds, we can do two things - firstly, we can control the problem of preventing aggressive behavior from occurring. In this case, it seems like a solution that we should take immediately, because we do not want the attacks to happen again. I suggested to the owners that the blanket from the hall should be moved to another, quieter place, one where the dog will feel safe and one where the child will not have access. Instead of a blanket, the so-called kennel cage where the dog can hide. The peace of the dog must not be disturbed by the child, so I propose a solution to install special gates in the door that prevent the child from having direct access to the dog. The next step will be to introduce a program to desensitize the dog to stimuli that cause discomfort and which, when combined, can lead to exceeding the last reaction threshold - an attack. I am talking here especially about desensitizing to a child, men, touching ears (after they have been cured) or even the sounds of a thunderstorm.
\n<\/a>
\n<\/a>
\nThe animal's diet requires special attention. The wasp is fed once a day with food prepared by the owners and it is 1\/3 chicken 1\/3 rice 1\/3 carrot. In addition, the diet is not supplemented with any other vitamins or trace elements. It is very important to provide the dog with a properly balanced diet so that it gets all the nutrients it needs - in the right proportion to each other. The first thing I suggested to the owners was to visit a veterinarian to rule out food allergies to any of the ingredients of the diet, and to make a diagnosis regarding the general health of the animal. Only after the diagnosis is made, it will be possible to make decisions regarding the most appropriate, balanced food. Proper nutrition means consuming all nutrients, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in the right amounts and proportions. It is necessary for the proper development and functioning of the body, reproduction, regeneration of body tissues as well as combating stress and diseases. As a result of the visit, it turned out that Osa was allergic to lactose, chicken and protein. Therefore, the dog has been selected an appropriate, balanced food that does not contain the above allergenic ingredients. We must remember that aggressive behavior may be caused by a lack of a proper diet, as discomfort caused by malaise, allergic reactions (in the case of Osa, the smell) in combination with other "triggers", may cause increased stress in the dog and, consequently, the risk of problem behaviors \u2013 in our case, aggressive behaviors.<\/p>\n
\nA problematic issue for the owners is also the behavior of the dog during a thunderstorm. The wasp then becomes very restless, walks around, can't find a place, it happened to get under the child's bed, into the bathroom and even into the open wardrobe. The owner usually places the dog on a blanket, and the owner tries to calm her down by stroking and talking to her. The behavior of the owner contributed to the strengthening and consolidation of fears, which could make the emotion of the drug give way to a sense of relief, which in turn strengthened the anxiety behavior.
\nTherapy in this case will initially consist mainly in improving the dog's well-being during the storm, and then in desensitizing. However, desensitization cannot take place during this turbulent period of the year, as it is carried out gradually, and therefore we cannot afford that during the process Osa will be exposed to a real stress factor. Therefore, we left the work on desensitization for a later period - October 2010.<\/p>\n
\nAs an aid in dealing with Wasp's anxiety, mainly as part of a behavior modification program, I recommended that owners use DAP in the form of a plug-in diffuser. Dog soothing pheromones, as the name suggests, have a calming effect, relieving anxiety and stress. The discontinuation of the soothing pheromones is an important stress factor at weaning. Studies have shown that the calming properties of these pheromones persist in adult dogs as well. I recommended keeping the diffuser plugged in throughout the thunderstorm season.<\/p>\n
\nA visit to a veterinarian to rule out or diagnose an allergy to any of the food ingredients (or in the case of an allergy diagnosis - to choose the right food), assess general health and the possibility of using pharmacological help in the field of fear of a storm.<\/p>\n\n
\na) retrieving the ball
\nb) social contact with the owners
\nc) food<\/li>\n
\na) For a child<\/p>\n<\/a>
\nContacts to discuss the results have been scheduled for the following days: April 22, May 6, May 20, June 7, December 13
\nContact on 22.04. The owners have introduced each of the above. Already after the first week there was a change in the dog's behavior, a decrease in the level of stress the dog experienced every time someone approached his blanket. The wasp became noticeably calmer. During the storm, she continued to show concern and hid in the bathroom. The owners are clearly motivated and hope for further changes in the dog's behavior.
\nContact on 06.05. The owners hired a pet sitter, Osa, who takes the dog for a 40-minute walk on a long leash 3 times a week, where he sniffs a lot. Every other day, the owners play fetch and drag the toy on a walk, Osa gets Kong on a blanket when they leave the house and when they are busy with the child. They feed the Osa in the presence of Maciek. The contact with the child is controlled, the boy throws the Taste Axes. There is an improvement in the dog-child relationship. The dog is clearly more relaxed in the presence of the child. The Wasp's needs began to be met, the licking of one's own body was effectively redirected to congas. The wasp is clearly less scratching.
\nContact on 20.05. The change of food was effective, the smell disappeared. Therefore, the owners introduced desensitization of the dog to touch, and they achieved good results - the Wasp allows you to pat his head. Because she gets treats on a blanket, she willingly goes there and waits. Twice a week the Lady spends time only with Osa, then she combs her hair and strokes her. The owners said that Wasp has started to resemble the dog she was a few years ago and spending time with her is enjoyable. He still hides in the bathroom during a thunderstorm, but he doesn't shake anymore.
\nThe owners were very involved in the work on the preservation of Wasp. They see positive results and are very motivated. In the next stage, they will train the basic commands, which they will treat in the form of games. If they persevere so far, I see the improvement in Wasp's behavior very positively. At the very beginning, I was quite skeptical, especially regarding the change in the penalty system used by the owner. However, the owners wanted to solve problematic situations and prevent similar incidents from happening again. The next stage scheduled for October is desensitization to the storm - in this regard, however, a lot of perseverance and systematic work are required, which may be difficult due to the work of the owners, but with the current level of motivation - feasible.
\n\u201cAnimal behavior, especially problematic behavior, is almost never easy to explain. The difficulty is mainly due to the fact that problem behavior is most often the resultant of many factors, such as innate predispositions and patterns of behavior, environmental influences, previous experience, medical condition, pharmacological treatment or diet.<\/p>\n
\n1. Nicole Wilde " My dog is not afraid. How to help your dog overcome his fears<\/p>\n
\n1. http:\/\/www.coape.pl\/art_fajerwerki.html<\/p>\n
\n1. Robert Falconer-Taylor, "Understanding emotionality"<\/p>\n
\n1. COAPE course, Module 3. Basic emotional systems of companion animals and their importance to modern veterinary and behavioral practice.<\/p>\n
\n3. COAP. Module 3, Diet Manipulation in Dogs<\/p>\n
\n5. Think Dog! Part IV - Aggression - its causes and consequences. Ways to control and possibilities of aggression in dogs. Supplement "Aggression and aggression thresholds" by Ewelina W\u0142odarczyk<\/p>\n
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\n\t\t[\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<\/a>\r\nJak zaprezentowa\u0142am na rysunku nr 1. nastr\u00f3j Osy mo\u017cna oceni\u0107 jako psa b\u0119d\u0105cego wyra\u017anie zaniepokojonym. Osa wydaje by\u0107 si\u0119 ca\u0142y czas czujna i uwa\u017cna na ch\u0142opca, nawet b\u0119d\u0105c na kocyku \u201eczuwa\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/a>\r\nProblemowe zachowanie jest dla Osy nagradzaj\u0105ce. Wzmocnieniem dla niej jest to, \u017ce dziecko oddala si\u0119. Ocena emocji Osy pokazuje, \u017ce do\u015bwiadcza ona emocji ulgi, kt\u00f3ra sama w sobie jest nagradzaj\u0105ca. Wa\u017cn\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 oceny wzmocnie\u0144 jest rozwa\u017cenie jakie wzmacniaj\u0105ce formy aktywno\u015bci mog\u0105 by\u0107 wykorzystane w programie modyfikacji zachowania. By zmieni\u0107 niepo\u017c\u0105dane zachowanie nie wystarczy po prostu uniemo\u017cliwi\u0107 zwierz\u0119ciu jego wykonywania. Trzeba nauczy\u0107 go zachowania alternatywnego, kt\u00f3re jest w takim samym lub w wi\u0119kszym stopniu nagradzaj\u0105ce. Mo\u017cliwe jest, \u017ce niepo\u017c\u0105dane zachowanie wyst\u0105pi\u0142o poniewa\u017c zwierz\u0119 nie mog\u0142o prezentowa\u0107, wa\u017cnych wrodzonych wzorc\u00f3w zachowania i musia\u0142o zrobi\u0107 co\u015b, co mo\u017ce podtrzyma\u0107 niezb\u0119dny stan zadowolenia. Aby to oceni\u0107 stworz\u0119 w dalszej cz\u0119\u015bci bilans przyjemno\u015bci OSY.<\/p>\r\n<\/a>\r\nPowy\u017cszy bilans przyjemno\u015bci zosta\u0142 sporz\u0105dzony w oparciu o typ rasy terier, gdy\u017c bardzo wa\u017cnym jest podej\u015bcie do danego przypadku bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 jego indywidualne wzorce zachowa\u0107 (\u0142a\u0144cuch \u0142owiecki) prezentowane dla danej rasy, ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c \u015bci\u015ble uzale\u017cnione od konkretnego przypadku i jego indywidualnych potrzeb. \u201e(\u2026) r\u00f3\u017cne rasy ps\u00f3w, organizuj\u0105 swoj\u0105 struktur\u0119 socjaln\u0105 na r\u00f3\u017cne sposoby. Co jest wa\u017cne dla jednej rasy, w terminie \u201eregu\u0142 stada\u201d i system\u00f3w komunikacyjnych nie koniecznie musi by\u0107 wa\u017cne dla innej rasy\u201d. \u201dPrawdopodobnie nie ma czego\u015b takiego jak \u201epies\u201d, natomiast powinni\u015bmy definiowa\u0107 ka\u017cd\u0105 ras\u0119 zgodnie z jej wielce indywidualnymi i z\u0142o\u017conymi wzorcami zachowa\u0144\u201d\r\nBilans przyjemno\u015bci Osy jest zaburzony praktycznie na ka\u017cdej p\u0142aszczy\u017anie. W przesz\u0142o\u015bci w\u0142a\u015bciciele po\u015bwi\u0119cali psu du\u017co wi\u0119cej czasu, a codziennie spacery trwa\u0142y ponad 2 godziny. Podczas tych spacer\u00f3w Osa mia\u0142a okazj\u0119 eksplorowa\u0107 teren i bawi\u0107 si\u0119 z w\u0142a\u015bcicielami, aportowa\u0107 pi\u0142k\u0119, bawi\u0107 si\u0119 w przeci\u0105ganie zabawki. W chwili obecnej spacery zosta\u0142y drastycznie ograniczone i polegaj\u0105 one jedynie na spacerze na smyczy wok\u00f3\u0142 bloku. \u201eNa poziomie neurologicznym system zabawy dzia\u0142a w ten spos\u00f3b, \u017ce prowadzi do zwi\u0119kszenia poziomu dopaminy w m\u00f3zgu. ZABAWA daje tak\u017ce zwierz\u0119tom okazje do \u0107wiczenia umiej\u0119tno\u015bci polowania i zachowa\u0144 reprodukcyjnych.\u201d Bardzo wa\u017cnym jest dostarczenie Osie tego rodzaju stymulacji w celu podtrzymania dobrego \u201enastroju\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/a>\r\n<\/a>\r\nSzczeg\u00f3lnej uwagi wymaga dieta zwierz\u0119cia. Osa jest karmiona 1 raz dziennie karm\u0105 przygotowana przez w\u0142a\u015bcicieli i jest to 1\/3 kurczak 1\/3 ry\u017c 1\/3 marchewka. Ponadto dieta nie jest uzupe\u0142niana w \u017cadne inne witaminy czy mikroelementy. Bardzo wa\u017cnym jest zapewnienie psu odpowiednio zbilansowanej diety tak aby ten dostawa\u0142 wszystkie potrzebne organizmowi sk\u0142adniki od\u017cywcze \u2013 w odpowiedniej wzgl\u0119dem siebie proporcji. Pierwsz\u0105 rzecz\u0105 jak\u0105 zasugerowa\u0142am w\u0142a\u015bcicielom by\u0142a wizyta u weterynarza w celu wykluczenia alergii pokarmowej, na kt\u00f3ry\u015b ze sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w diety, oraz postawienie diagnozy odno\u015bnie og\u00f3lnego stanu zdrowia zwierz\u0119cia. Dopiero po uzyskanej diagnozie b\u0119dzie mo\u017cna podj\u0105\u0107 decyzje odno\u015bnie najodpowiedniejszej, zbilansowanej karmy. Prawid\u0142owe od\u017cywianie oznacza spo\u017cywanie wszystkich sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w od\u017cywczych, w\u0119glowodan\u00f3w, t\u0142uszcz\u00f3w, protein, minera\u0142\u00f3w, witamin oraz wody we w\u0142a\u015bciwych ilo\u015bciach i proporcjach. Jest ono niezb\u0119dne dla prawid\u0142owego rozwoju i funkcjonowania organizmu, reprodukcji, regeneracji tkanek cia\u0142a a tak\u017ce zwalczania stresu i chor\u00f3b. Rezultatem wizyty okaza\u0142o si\u0119 i\u017c Osa by\u0142a uczulona na laktoz\u0119, kurczaka oraz bia\u0142ko. Dlatego te\u017c psu zosta\u0142a dobrana odpowiednia, zbilansowana karma nie zawieraj\u0105ca powy\u017cszych sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w alergizuj\u0105cych. Musimy pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce u pod\u0142o\u017ca zachowa\u0144 agresywnych, mo\u017ce le\u017ce\u0107 brak odpowiedniej diety, gdy\u017c dyskomfort spowodowany z\u0142ym samopoczuciem, reakcjami alergicznymi (w przypadku Osy sw\u0105d) w po\u0142\u0105czeniu z innymi \u201ewyzwalaczami\u201d, mo\u017ce powodowa\u0107 wzmo\u017cony stres u psa a co za tym idzie niebezpiecze\u0144stwo pojawienia si\u0119 zachowa\u0144 problemowych \u2013 w naszym wypadku zachowa\u0144 agresywnych.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t